But other than a few minor remarks about using stones in foundations and civic works, nothing for rubble stone masonry is described in any of the national codes of Argentina, Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Haiti and Cuba. Roughly one-third of Armenia’s dwellings are in the rural and mountainous areas. Rabat: Bulletin de l’Institut Scientifique, section Sciences de la Terre, n.34. Further random rubble masonry is also divided into the following three types: The random rubble masonry in which stones are laid without forming courses is known as un coursed random rubble masonry. Regulations for Design of Buildings and Engineering Structures in the Seismic Regions of Bulgaria (in Bulgarian). The main reason is to make a clear distinction between NRM and “truly” URM, next to RM and CM. Albania is particularly interesting, as stone was not only used in the past, it is still practiced today at various places in the Northern and Southern Mountain Ranges. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards. Algiers: Ministry of Housing and Reconstruction. Articles, University School for Advanced Studies, University Institute of Higher Studies in Pavia, Italy. Unreinforced dressed rubble masonry (DRM) has shown slightly better performance than random rubble masonry. SNiP II-7-81∗ (1989). PN 01.01-09 (2012). Cement-sand mortar is preferred, as history has shown on many occasions that stone masonry with mud mortar does not perform well in earthquakes. Resmî Gazete n.15260 of 09/06/1975 (in Turkish). When using cement-sand mortar not leaner than 1:6 and with the inclusion of through-stones in the walls, no special seismic provisions are considered necessary for category B (zone II). Round (river) boulders are not recommended for stone masonry buildings in earthquake-prone areas. Similarly, the US-based Pakistani code (BCP-SP-07, 2007), as well as the Indian seismic code which effectively prohibits stone masonry in the whole Himalayan region (seismic zones IV and V), do not properly reflect the current needs in their respective countries. The next code SN 8-57 (1958) adds that for buildings in areas with estimated seismicity of 8 and 9 points, it is recommended to use masonry weighing no more than 1,900 kg/m3 (this includes most types of sawn stones); whereas masonry above 1,900 kg/m3 goes down one category (basically all types of rubble stone). Ashlars masonry is further sub divided into the following types: In this type of stone masonry stone blocks of same height in each course are used. Front. The Indian seismic code IS:1893 (part 1)-2016 (2016) also leaves room for interpretation as stone masonry “should preferably be avoided” in seismic zone IV, and construction of schools “should not be permitted.” The overall point is: Any possible misinterpretation can easily be avoided by adding a clear line in the codes, which specifically states whether rubble stone masonry is allowed or not; and to what type of buildings and structures it applies. URM, as the name implies, has no reinforcements whatsoever. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. See more ideas about masonry, stone wall, gabion wall. Rubble masonry is further sub-divided into the following three types: Rubble masonry is the type of stone masonry in which either undressed or hammer dressed stones are used is called random rubble masonry. Figure 2 shows the main mountain ranges in the South and Central Asian regions. What is the difference between rubble stone masonry and coursed – Random Rubble Masonry Coursed. May 5, 2017 - Explore CuteMM's board "Rubble masonry", followed by 130 people on Pinterest. In Saudi Arabia stone was used a lot in the past, such as in the southern provinces of Saheer and Al Bahah, but these days it is basically no longer practiced. Considering the dressing and finishing of the stones, it is further sub-divided into first class, second class and third class masonry. Stay informed - subscribe to our newsletter. The random rubble masonry in which stones are laid without forming courses is known as un coursed random rubble masonry. It is further recommended to structure the national codes for non-engineered techniques in such a way, that all the necessary information is compiled in just one document, with step-by-step explanations of the various procedures of design and execution of the technique. Nearly 325 national seismic and masonry codes from all over the world, divided over 5 different continents, have been analyzed and compared. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards. EN 1998-1:2004+A1 (2013). The rules for stone remained the same until the code of 2007 (DBYBHY, 2007), but since the most recent revision of 2018, rubble stone masonry is no longer allowed (TBDY, 2018). Concrete block masonry. Unconursed rubble masonry can divide into the following. Dry rubble masonry use in the construction of retaining walls pitching earthen dams and canal slopes in the form of random rubble masonry without any mortar. World Bank (2020). The masonry chapter is quite different from the Russian code and specifically allows rubble stone masonry. Bucharest: Central Research Institute for Design and Management in Construction. Provisions for the Building Industry, with Special Requirements for Seismic Zones (in Italian). For instance, after the 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal it was estimated that roughly 980,000 schools and houses were damaged and destroyed throughout the country, of which over 80% took place in the rural areas, of which 95% consisted of low-strength masonry; the majority being stone with mud mortar (National Planning Commission, 2015). It is also important that codes clearly mention what stone types are allowed, with a clear difference between random rubble, and cut stones with brick-like dimensions. (2003). In Tajikistan the technique is not ruled out as it is only “recommended” to use cut stones, and is therefore added to the list; also because this is in line with the current needs and practices in the country. Tbilisi: Minister of Economic Development of Georgia. Figure 2. EAK2000 (2010). Boletín Oficial del Estado n.30, February 4 of 1969, Madrid. To summarize all the above parameters in one sentence, this worldwide review is focusing on the specific characteristics of “low-rise buildings with cement-mortared rubble stone masonry walls, that are brought to courses and nominally reinforced with reinforced concrete bands, with wooden floors and a wood-trussed roof” (Figure 1C). Yerevan: Ministry of Urban Development of the Republic of Armenia. The following paragraphs describe the historic application of stone masonry in the seismically active Eastern and Southern regions of Europe (Figure 4) and examines if countries currently allow rubble stone as a masonry material. It describes a maximum floor-to-floor height of 3.0 m, minimum wall thickness 0.35 m, and minimum masonry width in corners, as well as for piers, of 600 mm. Beijing: Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China. Construction in Seismic Areas. Random rubble masonry foundation is ancient stone foundation method where rough, uneven stones are used to make the foundations. It described that buildings with “strong masonry walls” and higher than 3 floors in the most severe zone A (and 4 floors in zone B), must be reinforced with concrete tie-beams, in which case seismic verification is not necessary. Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures. Iranian code of Practice for Earthquake Resistant Regulations RPA 99 – version 2003 in. An intermediate place between rubble and ashlars Ministers of random rubble masonry Island of Damaged! Chinese ) s hammer concrete bands Estado n.30, February 8 of 1995, Madrid Constructions... 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