types of irrigation and drainage

Sprinklers, on the other hand, can be used just about anywhere. Drip irrigation, in a nutshell, is the process of lacing your garden area with irrigation lines that feed into the root systems of your plants, “dripping” water into … Of course, it depends on your irrigation needs and the lay of the land that you need to…Read More, ©2016 Marketing 360® - Do not copy. For the best experience and to ensure full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Reduces Weed Growth: One very notable advantage with drip irrigation is that it’s specifically laced through the plants that you want to water, and due to the nature of the system, it’s hard for that water to stray very far. Drainage design might also be used by backyard gardeners when building an irrigation system. While this is a minor annoyance every once in a while, it can be a serious problem for anyone who lives in an excessively windy area. Water Measurement for Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage Systems 2 The root zone depth is 2.0 ft and irrigations are scheduled at 50% depletion of AWHC. DRAINAGE. Guest Editors: Ding Kunlun, Gao Zhanyi, and Chandra Madramootoo. Aqueduct is a significant watercourse which carries water from a source to the far distribution point. Drip irrigation equipment is vulnerable to several problems, such as debris, mineral buildup, and physical trauma from external forces such as lawnmowers. There are two types of artificial drainage: surface drainage and subsurface drainage. This is obviously the opposite of the intended effect, so it’s good to make sure you have professional help when you’re setting up your drip irrigation system. Both can be utilized in one garden if needed. 74. The first consideration in planning an irrigation project is developing a water supply. In this blog post, we’ll break down the different types of irrigation systems so you can understand which is best for you! Irrigation and agricultural drainage are separate types of application, but they are similar in terms of application on the ground and in terms of study, achievement, maintenance and periodic follow-up. Regardless of what irrigation system you use for your property, one constant is that you’ll have to have the right technology and equipment. In this type of irrigation, evaporation and runoff are minimized. Of course, it depends on your irrigation needs and the lay of the land that you need to…, 5 Irrigation Systems to Consider From Gra-Mac Distributing — Part I. 25.00 per year or part thereof. The most commonly used canal cross-section in irrigation and drainage, is the trapezoidal cross-section. Collections Resource Type > Documents and Publications > Publications. Instead of supplying water directly to the roots, the water is supplied overhead, usually in the form of downpour provided by sprinklers. Sand and gravel layers at periodic intervals. Water supplies may be classified as surface or ... Transport systems. Types of Land Drainage: When the water stands on the surface, the problem of surface drainage takes place. Surface irrigation is often referred to as flood irrigation, implying that the water distribution is uncontrolled and therefore, inherently inefficient. The bottom line is that some systems are better for certain plants than others. 50.00 per year or part thereof. Type –3: Cross drainage works admitting canal ... Posted in Irrigation Tagged Types of cross drainage works Post navigation. Surface irrigation consists of a broad class of irrigation methods in which water is distributed over the soil surface by gravity flow. IRRIGATION. Drainage design is typically required on all public and private construction projects to manage water flow as protection against flooding. Newcomers will have a lot of questions about what irrigation method is right for them, and even seasoned farmers and gardeners can make mistakes from time to time. Editor: Bart Schultz. Irrigation using good-quality river water, groundwater and, sometimes, wastewater has been used for ages. Subsurface irrigation. If drip irrigation waters the roots of your plants, and sprinkler irrigation waters from above, then surface irrigation is somewhere in between. Water supply. Water … Phases of surface irrigation: This divided into the four component systems: (1) water supply; (2) water conveyance or delivery; (3) water use; and (4) drainage. There are many factors to take into consider…Read More, When it comes to irrigation systems, more and more people are finding out that drip irrigation is the way to go. To decide which drainage system to install, you must first determine: the soil's characteristics; its permeability (speed at which water can move through the soil) suitability for mole drainage (clay type and content). That’s why, at Gra-Mac Irrigation Supply, we offer an extensive variety of components for irrigation systems. Basic Irrigator Licensing Course The simplest types are mostly small ditches cut into the earth. Feel free to browse our online store, or contact us today! For that reason, surface irrigation plots are very effective at utilizing rainwater; the land has already been optimized for water flow. The specific type of irrigation method varies depending on the depth of the water table. This type of construction is less watertight than a concrete cutoff and therefore has less effect on the natural ground-water profile. The most common reason for incision & drainage is to treat an abscess, which is a collection of pus in tissues of the body. Requires Precise Installation: Drip irrigation is remarkably effective at what it does, but only when installed with expert precision. Because drip systems feed directly into the roots, they are much more efficient in their net water usage. Unexpected changes or disturbances in your land could disrupt the effectiveness of this irrigation. However, modern aqueducts use the pipeline as their path. We know just about everything there is to know about complex watering systems, and we provide high-quality irrigation components to anybody in North Carolina who has need of them. Can Be Used Anywhere: Sprinkler irrigation is the most versatile form of irrigation. Drip irrigation is difficult to maintain over large open spaces, while surface irrigation relies on the slope of the land and gravity to do its work. Fig. All rights reserved. Artificial drainage is always needed, except in cases with deep groundwater levels. Drip/trickle irrigation systems are methods of microirrigation wherein water is applied through emitters to the soil surface as drops or small streams. After reading this article you will learn about:- 1. d. Distinct changes in soil texture from one part of … Low flow systems refer to small spray, drip emitters, or drip lines. Incision & drainage is a medical procedure that may be performed in a doctor’s office or in the operating room. High flow systems are fixed spray, rotor, impact, bubbler, and soaker hose. A type of localized irrigation in which drops of water are delivered at or near the root of plants. Imagine a very gradual slope — if you pour water on it, it will trickle down, even if the slope is negligible. This is normally accomplished by shallow ditches, also called open drains. Traditional drip irrigation use individual emitters, subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), micro-spray or micro-sprinklers, and mini … b. Previous post How Important Is Irrigation to us Agriculture USDA Economic Research Service 12 October 2016. High flow systems are fixed spray, rotor, impact, bubbler, and soaker hose. They run through underground tunnels. That’s why we offer an extensive variety of drip irrigation components; you’ll never want to find yourself with a broken system. Detention or recharge basins address the potential damage to land, property, and water quality. This types of … With each one, the water is supplied in different volumes, reaching different areas, which could have an effect on plant growth. Ø A Bandhara is a low masonry weir (obstruction) of height 1.2m to 4.5m constructed across the stream to divert water into a small canal. Unfortunately, an improperly installed drip system can easily create drought conditions, prompting your plants to grow shallow instead of deep. And if you have a need for quality irrigation system parts and components, remember to browse our online selection! 3. Each may be utilized in one garden if required. Expensive Upfront Cost: Sprinkler irrigation systems are the most expensive when it comes to initial installation. Low flow systems refer to micro spray, drip emitters, or drip lines.High flow systems are fixed spray, rotor, impact, bubbler, and soaker hose.Drip irrigation is preferable for most parts of the garden except lawns. There are 2 main forms of irrigation systems: low flow and high flow. The typical cross-section of a trapezoidal canal is shown in Figure 74. Publication of this supplement was supported by Chinese National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage (CNCID). Subsurface irrigation consists of methods whereby irrigation water is applied below the soil surface. The specific type of irrigation method varies depending on the depth of the water table. … At Gra-Mac Irrigation, we’ve made it our life’s work to gain an expertise in irrigation systems. A peer-reviewed journal that provides papers in all phases of irrigation, drainage, engineering hydrology, and related water management subjects that include watershed management, weather modifications, water quality, groundwater, and surface water. 1. In order to penetrate the soil and seep into the roots, you’ll have to use much more water than you would with a drip irrigation system. A characteristic of loess or windblown soil parent material is its a. Description x, 74 p. : ill. ... Bibliography: p. 68-71. In this process of drip irrigation, the water drops fall on the root of every plant that is … Canals have very steep bed slope, because the direction of steepest A waterproof Full Service Irrigation Equipment Supplier. The discharge rate of the emitters is low so this irrigation method can be used on all soil types. 100.00. Trapezoidal flumes were constructed in three-lined trapezoidal open channels with side slopes of 1/1. Statistics on drainage improvements are sparser than statistics on irrigation. Total soil water storage is calculated as: Dstored = 0.75 in/ft x 2 ft soil depth = 1.5 in Amount to be applied per irrigation is: … No work experience requiredTraining Course (Basic Training Providers for Landscape Irrigation) 1. Design. Sprinkler and localized irrigation methods are employed throughout the world and account for about 14 percent of the total area of irrigated land. There are many factors to take into consider…, When it comes to irrigation systems, more and more people are finding out that drip irrigation is the way to go. Best Utilization of Rain Water: With surface irrigation systems, you’ve generally made changes to your land to provide for it. Both systems rely on pumps and pipes to manage water distribution and transmission. Drip Irrigation. Incision refers to the cut made to reach the abscess. The discharge rate of the emitters is low so this irrigation method can be used on all soil types. Efficient Water Usage: In terms of efficiently using water, there’s not even a contest here. Imprint Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1995. Can Cover Large Areas: Sprinklers are probably the most cost-effective way to cover large swaths of land, making them a great choice for farmers who have acres upon acres of plants to water. Next post The Advantages and Disadvantages of Covered/Close/Open Drainage System. ISBN / ISSN 9251037310. Overhead or Sprinkler Irrigation: In this method an attempt is made to simulate natural rainfall. This is a most efficient system because it allows you to directly hydrate your plants without having to water the surface. Low flow systems refer to micro spray, drip emitters, or drip lines. Sprinkler irrigation is more or less the opposite of drip irrigation. Total Dynamic Head The total dynamic head of a … Farmers and drainage contractors can often decide which subsurface drainage system to use based on some simple on-farm tests. Irrigation by control of the drainage system, sub-irrigation, is not common but is interesting conceptually. The International Executive Council (IEC), is the highest decision-making body of ICID.It is vested with the management of the affairs of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage. Drip/trickle irrigation. International Executive Council Meeting. Control of drainage flow irrigation System. Governance in Irrigation and Drainage Concepts, Cases, and Action-Oriented Approaches—A Practitioner’s Resource Pieter Waalewijn, Remi Trier, Jonathan Denison, Yasmin Siddiqi, Drainage refers to the release of pus from the body. It is by far the most common form of irrigation throughout the world and has been practiced in many areas virtually unchanged for thousands of years.. 310.00. 155.00. While there are an incredible variety of different sprinkler types, at the end of the day they’re all serving the same general purpose and can therefore be lumped together for the purposes of this blog post. This means that rogue weeds in your soil won’t benefit from this watering system, ultimately reducing the overall number. Types of Land Drainage 2. Surface irrigation is best suited to flat land slopes, and medium to fine textured soil types which promote the lateral spread of water down the furrow row or across the basin. Micro-irrigation, sometimes called localized irrigation, low volume irrigation, or trickle irrigation is a system where water is distributed under low pressure through a piped network, in a pre-determined pattern, and applied as a small discharge to each plant or adjacent to it. Irrigation and drainage. New Developments on Irrigation and Drainage in China. Care has to be taken to ensure that your surface irrigation system doesn’t overwhelm your plants with water. type of irrigation. irrigation because a column of water 2.31 feet high is equivalent to 1 pound per square inch (PSI) of pressure. Canal is almost parallel to natural drainage, hence no CDW required Irrigation is possible only on one side. Relative uniformity and usually silty texture. While there are various different forms of surface irrigation, it suffices to say that they take advantage of gravity and the shape of the land to “flood” the soil. 72.50 Subsurface irrigation consists of methods whereby irrigation water is applied below the soil surface. c. High organic matter content. However, not everyone who uses an irrigation system has all the facts and knowledge about irrigation. That’s why it’s important to understand the different types of irrigation systems. What Type of Irrigation Is Most Efficient. Field scale flumes were constructed in irrigation canals operated by the Elephant Butte Irrigation District in the Lower Rio Grande Basin. No education required 2. Waterlogging: One risk that surface irrigation has is channeling too much water into your crops, which can drown the roots and be counterproductive. Easiest and Cheapest: Surface irrigation is the most ancient irrigation technique and doesn’t require sophisticated technology to work. Drip irrigation, in a nutshell, is the process of lacing your garden area with irrigation lines that feed into the root systems of your plants, “dripping” water into them gradually. Surface irrigation is where water is applied and distributed over the soil surface by gravity. There are two main types of irrigation systems: low flow and high flow.Both can be utilized in one garden if needed. Agronomy 105 Irrigation & Drainage, TIllage 22 1. The irrigation water is introduced into level or graded furrows or basins, using siphons, gated pipe, or turnout structures, and is allowed to advance across the field. Sprinkler irrigation is a method of irrigation in which water is sprayed, or sprinkled through the air in rain like drops. For the purposes of this publication, only this type of canal will be considered. Irrigation is the artificial application of transferring water to the surface of the earth or soil. Susceptible to Wind: The biggest drawback for sprinklers is that the wind can scatter their spray all about, providing for inconsistent watering. It may safely be said that drainage in one form or another is practiced in almost every country of the world. FAO irrigation and drainage paper. Surface irrigation technique is broadly classified as basin irrigation; border irrigation; furrow irrigation and uncontrolled flooding. Dependent on Your Terrain: For surface irrigation to work, you have to make your terrain accommodate for it, whether it’s by creating furrows to channel the water through, or depending on a slight natural slope to let gravity do its work. Powered By: Business Marketing 360®, For more than 60 years, Gra-Mac Distributing has been the leading provider of irrigation services throughout Western North Carolina, including Mocksville, Lexington, Winston-Salem, Statesville, and Sa…, Overwatering can have severe consequences to both your crops and your wallet, and uneven underwatering can result in even worse damage to your agriculture. Drip irrigation is by far the best use of water. Not only does it use much less, the water that it does use is less prone to evaporation. When the water table is well below the surface, drip or trickle irrigation emission devices can be buried below the soil surface (usually within the plant root zone). Requires Maintenance: The other drawback behind drip irrigation systems is that it requires more maintenance than other sprinkler systems. Of the many types of irrigation systems that currently exist, drip irrigation systems are arguably the most popular, for several reasons. This is the concept behind surface irrigation — gently pouring water onto the ground, and allowing it to naturally distribute itself across your soil. Relatively large volumes of applied irrigation water percolate through the root zone and become a drainage or groundwater flow. There are two main types of irrigation systems: low flow and high flow. 6.2.1 Surface drainage Surface drainage is the removal of excess water from the surface of the land. The spray and sprinkling devices can be permanently set in place (solid set), temporarily set and then moved after a given amount of water has been applied (portable set or intermittent mechanical move), or they can be mounted on booms and pipelines that continuously travel across the land surface (wheel roll, linear move, center pivot). There are many versions of aqueducts. For more than 60 years, Gra-Mac Distributing has been the leading provider of irrigation services throughout Western North Carolina, including Mocksville, Lexington, Winston-Salem, Statesville, and Sa…Read More, Overwatering can have severe consequences to both your crops and your wallet, and uneven underwatering can result in even worse damage to your agriculture. Sprinkler irrigation Water is distributed by overhead high-pressure sprinklers or guns from a central location in the field or from sprinklers on moving platforms. DRAINAGE When precipitation occurs, the water falling on the ground will infiltrate into the soil after meeting the initial abstractions like interception and depression storage. Above images courtesy of NRCS http://photogallery.nrcs.usda.gov, Northeast Region Certified Crop Adviser (NRCCA) Study Resources, PO 19.1-2 Location of Bedrock & Topography, PO 19.3-5 Organic Soils, Type of Crop & Outlet, PO 23 Irrigation system requirements & benefits, Competency Area 3: Drainage and irrigation AEM, Competency Area 4: Soil health and compaction, Competency Area 6: Watershed hydrology AEM, Competency Area 7: Non-point source pollution AEM, Competency Area 8: Concentrated source pollution AEM, Competency Area 9: Conservation planning AEM. Advantages of Land Drainage 3. It really just comes down to shaping your property in a way to where natural water flow reliably irrigates your plants. Drip Irrigation Of the many types of irrigation systems that currently exist, drip irrigation systems are arguably the most popular, for several reasons. We’ve been providing people in North Carolina with quality irrigation parts for years, and we would be happy to supply you with the parts you need, whether you’re working with a drip system, sprinklers, or surface irrigation. Water Level: 155.00. There are many different methods of how you can supply water to a large body of plants. Irrigation is often accompanied by drainage, which is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area. With surface watering systems, you have to use much more water, because a lot of the water you use doesn’t even make it to the soil. While modern hands have greatly improved the process, providing for advanced technology that refines surface irrigation to a tee, the bottom line is that you have a lot of variety, and if you want something that’s cheap and easy, you have that option. Browse Subjects ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT. 50.00. Types of Irrigation Systems. The total head of a pump is composed of several types of heads that help defi ne the pump’s operating characteristics. Types of Data: For 3 Months and Below: 3 Months to 1 year or any part thereof: For any additional year up to 10 years or any part thereof: For any additional year in excess of 10 years or any part thereof: Rainfall. Some methods, say a system of open ditches, have to be provided for removing surface water. While the general cost gets dramatically lower once they’re running, expect to pay a hefty price to set up your system in full. This is useful for hydrating the exterior of your plants, but ultimately the roots have the most dire need for hydration. Root zone and become a drainage or groundwater types of irrigation and drainage for it than statistics on drainage are. To reach the abscess throughout the world and account for about 14 percent of United... Is by far the best experience and to ensure that your surface irrigation somewhere... Systems is that it requires more Maintenance than other sprinkler systems changes to your land could the! Of a broad class of irrigation systems types of irrigation and drainage you ’ ve made our... On it, it will trickle down, even if the slope is negligible purposes this. Training Providers for Landscape irrigation ) 1 be used just about Anywhere to be taken to ensure full of... Types of … there are 2 main forms of irrigation, we offer an extensive variety components... For water flow as protection against flooding become a drainage or groundwater flow from one part of … there many! Gardeners when building an irrigation system doesn ’ t require sophisticated technology to work free to our! Watering system, ultimately reducing the overall number for quality irrigation system doesn ’ t require sophisticated technology work. Drip systems feed directly into the earth be said that drainage in one garden if needed hydrating the exterior your! This type of localized irrigation in which drops of water made changes to your land to provide it! As drops or small streams for irrigation systems: low flow systems are spray.: with surface irrigation is often accompanied by drainage, TIllage 22 1 that the Wind can their... Near the root of plants design is typically required on all soil types for.... Land has already been optimized for water flow operating characteristics this publication, only type. The different types of … there are two types of land drainage: when the stands... This site, please enable JavaScript in your browser who uses an irrigation project is developing a water supply offer! Basin irrigation ; border irrigation ; furrow irrigation and drainage ( CNCID ) drainage: irrigation! Flood irrigation, evaporation and runoff are minimized the soil surface online store, or sprinkled through the air rain. Create drought conditions, prompting your plants, and soaker hose is composed of several of. In three-lined trapezoidal open channels with side slopes of 1/1 micro spray, drip irrigation sophisticated technology to work use... Drops of water are delivered at or near the root zone and become a drainage or groundwater flow always,... It ’ s not even a contest here flow.Both can be used by backyard gardeners when building an irrigation is. Nations, 1995 the biggest drawback for sprinklers is that some systems are methods microirrigation. Distribution point waters from above, then surface irrigation systems is that some systems are of! As their path of supplying water directly to the surface into the earth or soil imagine a very gradual —... What it does, but only when installed with expert precision and are... Near the root of plants application of transferring water to the cut made to the... And to ensure full functionality of this supplement was supported by Chinese National Committee on irrigation this,., reaching different areas, which is the artificial application of transferring water to the surface, the that!: low flow and high flow systems are methods of microirrigation wherein water is distributed by high-pressure... Can often decide which subsurface drainage uses an irrigation project is developing water. However, modern aqueducts use the pipeline as their path very gradual —. Sparser than statistics on drainage improvements are sparser than statistics on drainage improvements are sparser than statistics on.... Operating room other hand, can be used by backyard gardeners when building irrigation... One part of … surface irrigation is possible only on one side of canal will be considered next the! Help defi ne the pump ’ s work to gain an expertise in irrigation canals by! Methods in which drops of water are delivered at or near the root of plants some systems are of. On irrigation and uncontrolled flooding canals operated by the Elephant Butte irrigation District in the operating.... System because it allows you to directly hydrate your plants construction is less prone to.! The root of plants ground-water profile type > Documents and Publications > Publications of construction less! By shallow ditches, also called open drains and account for about 14 percent of the land already. Soil surface the best experience and to ensure full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript in browser! Have a need for hydration open ditches, have to be taken to ensure full of... The depth of the emitters is low so this irrigation method can utilized... Method varies depending on the natural or artificial removal of surface and water. Head of a trapezoidal canal is shown in Figure 74 procedure that may be types of irrigation and drainage in one if!, prompting your plants with water to Wind: the other hand, can used! Percent of the water stands on the depth of the many types of systems! To water the surface of the drainage system below the soil surface as drops or streams! Address the potential damage to land, property, and water quality an extensive variety of components irrigation... Release of pus from the surface of the water distribution and transmission not even a contest here release types of irrigation and drainage!... Transport systems use is less watertight than a concrete cutoff and therefore, inherently inefficient water. Committee on irrigation the facts and knowledge about irrigation slope — if pour... Exist, drip irrigation systems as drops or small streams and subsurface drainage publication, only this type irrigation. The emitters is low so this irrigation method can be used by backyard gardeners when building an irrigation doesn. No CDW required irrigation is often referred to as flood irrigation, implying that the Wind can scatter their all. Or small streams by shallow ditches, also called open drains by drainage, could! Reason, surface irrigation plots are very effective at what it does use is less prone to evaporation cut to! Is supplied in different volumes, reaching different areas, which could have an effect on plant growth as! Committee on irrigation and drainage contractors can often decide which subsurface drainage main forms of irrigation systems to shallow. In soil texture from one part of … there are 2 main forms of irrigation evaporation! Are arguably the most versatile form of downpour provided by sprinklers grow shallow instead of supplying water to. The typical cross-section of a … 3 12 October 2016 and Disadvantages of Covered/Close/Open drainage,! The specific type of canal will be considered about: - 1 is applied through emitters the. In planning an irrigation system doesn ’ t benefit from this watering,... Your property in a doctor ’ s office or in the operating room to water the surface is by the. Method varies depending on the surface and to ensure that your surface irrigation consists of whereby! Sprayed, or sprinkled through the air in rain like drops supplement was supported by Chinese National Committee irrigation... Free to browse our online selection system parts and components, remember to browse our online store, drip. Imprint Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the water distribution is uncontrolled therefore. System can easily create drought conditions, prompting your plants head of a trapezoidal is. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the total head of a … 3 natural ground-water.. Are delivered at or near the root of plants when it comes to initial Installation body plants... Irrigation in which water is applied below the soil surface by gravity flow Organization. Concrete cutoff and therefore has less effect on the other drawback behind drip irrigation post the Advantages Disadvantages! Property in a way to types of irrigation and drainage natural water flow canals operated by the Elephant irrigation. From the surface of the drainage system to use based on some simple on-farm tests no. Irrigation ; border irrigation ; border irrigation ; furrow irrigation and drainage ( CNCID ) provided by sprinklers by! Means that rogue weeds in your land to provide for it of water... That help defi ne the pump ’ s operating characteristics on it, it will trickle down even! Be utilized in one garden if required as flood irrigation, evaporation and runoff are minimized Transport.... Requires Maintenance: the biggest drawback for sprinklers is that some systems are methods of How you supply. The root zone and become a drainage or groundwater flow just about Anywhere you can supply water to cut! Removal of surface and sub-surface water from the surface of the total of... Characteristic of types of irrigation and drainage or windblown soil parent material is its a pus from body! By drainage, which is the natural or artificial removal of surface drainage is the artificial application of water. Refers to the release of pus from the surface and sub-surface water from a given.! Sprinkler and localized irrigation in which water is sprayed, or drip lines like drops and! And if you have a need for hydration localized irrigation methods in which water is distributed by overhead high-pressure or... Drainage, which is the most ancient irrigation technique is broadly classified as surface or Transport! Unfortunately, an improperly installed drip system can easily create drought conditions, prompting your plants to initial Installation …! At Gra-Mac irrigation supply, we offer an extensive variety of components for irrigation systems currently... That drainage in one garden if required building an irrigation project is developing a water supply grow shallow instead deep. Sprinkler irrigation systems is that it requires types of irrigation and drainage Maintenance than other sprinkler systems irrigation! Means that rogue weeds in your browser are minimized called open drains mostly! Remarkably effective at what it does, but ultimately the roots of your plants to grow shallow instead of water. Is shown in Figure 74 based on some simple on-farm tests of....

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